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ที่มาและความสำคัญ(Background and importance) *:
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"Today, people spend more than 70% of their time in indoor environments such as homes, workplaces, schools, vehicles and so on (Melymuk et al., 2020). Potential health risk with indoor pollutants, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), has become a significant concern issue (Kang et al., 2013; Liagkouridis et al., 2015). The widely used BFRs are hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in many materials and consumer products to reduce their flammability (Abdallah et al., 2016; Barghi et al., 2017; Kweon et al., 2018). HBCD is primarily added to the thermal building insulation, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS), and is also added to other uses, including high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) used in electronic equipment enclosures and the back coating of fabrics (Fromme et al., 2014; Drage et al., 2015; Yi et al., 2016). Using an additive of HBCDD, which does not chemically bond to foam, can be released during product manufacturing, consumer use, and waste disposal and enter the surrounding environment (Hassan and Shoeib, 2015). HBCDD has historically been a problem because it is toxic and characterized by long-range atmospheric transport, environmental persistence, high bioaccumulation potential and possible adverse effects on wildlife and humans (Drage et al., 2015; Abdallah et al., 2016; Jo et al., 2017; Kuribara et al., 2019). Moreover, HBCDD can affect the endocrine system and damage the nervous and reproductive systems (Fromme et al., 2014; Li et al., 2016). Therefore, HBCDD was listed in Annex A (elimination) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2013, but with the exemption for use in expanded and extruded polystyrene building insulation foam provided that such foam is clearly labelled and/or identifiable as containing HBCDD throughout used until the end of their product lifetime (US.EPA, 2014; Sharkey et al., 2020). Thus, HBCDD still has emissions and the potential to contaminate the environment for a long time (Kuribara et al., 2019). TBBPA is primarily applied as a reactive flame retardant to epoxy and polycarbonate resins and used as an additive flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic and high-impact polystyrene (Liu et al., 2016). An additive is susceptible to migration from products leading to widespread pollution of the environment (Malkoske et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2016: Wu et al., 2016) and bioaccumulates in humans and other animals. TBBPA may cause adverse health effects, including cytotoxicity, endocrine system disruption, neurotoxicity, and immune toxicity (Wu et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2021). Although TBBPA are potentially toxic to humans, there are no regulatory restrictions on its production and use worldwide (Ni & Zeng, 2013).
Indoor dust represents the essential source of human exposure to indoor chemical pollutants. There is a sink for indoor chemicals released from electronic equipment, household products, building materials and furnishings (Fromme et al., 2014; Peng et al., 2017; Melymuk et al., 2020). Humans can be exposed to indoor chemicals when they spend a lot of time indoors (Melymuk et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2021), such as in houses, offices, schools, and cars. Indoor chemicals associated with dust can enter the human body through incidental ingestion (after hand-to-mouth contact), inhalation of resuspended dust, or direct absorption through the skin. Then, it poses adverse human health effects in indoor environments (Peng et al., 2017; Bastiaensen et al., 2019). The previous reports have presented the contamination of HBCDD and TBBPA in indoor dust worldwide in general areas (Abdallah et al., 2008; Dodson et al., 2012; Fromme et al., 2014; Abdallah et al., 2016; Allgood et al., 2017; Barghi et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2017; Gwon et al., 2021). For example, Although HBCDD has been gradually phased out since 2013, recent studies have shown in house dust contamination with HBCDD at a high concentration of 570,000 ng/g in the UK (Drage et al., 2020). TBBPA was found in American house dust as high as 7,260 ng/g (Allgood et al., 2017). Moreover, some research found that high TBBPA contamination in house dust in e-waste recycling parks in China was 46,191ng/g (Wu et al., 2016). This suggests that dust generated at e-waste recycling sites might be a significant exposure source of these contaminants and raised concerns about the health risks of exposure to contaminated dust. Thailand has one of the networks of e-waste dismantling sites in Asia. In many parts of Thailand, most people operate their houses as e-waste dismantling workshops. Uncontrolled e-waste management from recycling processes until dumping at unsafe e-waste landfill sites causes an abundance of dangerous compounds at high concentrations, contaminating the environment matrices in this area. Then, the data on concentrations of HBCDD and TBBPA in indoor dust in general and the e-waste dismantling area of Thailand is currently lacking. Thus, it is essential to investigate HBCDD and TBBPA concentrations in indoor dust and assess the Thai population exposure to these substances.
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